Terrace Houses in Ephesus: Life of the Ancient Elite

In the heart of ancient Ephesus, a story that transcends time...The Terrace Houses bring together the lives of the wealthy, the magic of art, and the depth of history. As you wander through these homes, you will experience not just a place, but an era and a culture.

The Terrace Houses, located within the Ephesus Archaeological Site, are a residential area consisting of seven houses dating back to the Roman period of the ancient city. These well-preserved houses are built on terraces on the slopes of Bulbul Mountain.

Often referred to as the “houses of the rich,” these remarkable residences reveal the sophistication, artistry, and comfort enjoyed by the elite of Roman Ephesus.

The area of the Terrace Houses, inhabited by the most prominent figures of ancient Ephesus in ancient times, was a cemetery during the Hellenistic period before being transformed into a residential area by the Romans. The houses, whose original construction dates back to the 1st century AD, were used in later years with various additional modifications until the city was abandoned.

During the period when Lysimachus, who governed Ephesus in the Hellenistic Era, restructured the city, the Hippodamian plan system-used in Ionia, was implemented. This city plan consisted of square or rectangular buildings situated between parallel or perpendicular, straight streets.

A Window into Private Life

Unlike the grand public monuments of Ephesus, the Terrace Houses are all about private life. Built between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD, these multi-story homes were ingeniously designed to make the most of the hillside location. Each house was arranged around a central courtyard, providing light, ventilation, and a tranquil space for family gatherings.

The earliest of the houses that can be visited today dates back to the reign of Emperor Augustus. During the Roman Imperial Period, the exterior of the houses was quite simple, but the interior was magnificent.

Architectural Marvels

The Terrace Houses are a testament to Roman engineering and luxury. Many had heated floors (hypocaust systems), running water, and even indoor toilets - amenities that were rare even in the ancient world. The walls are decorated with vibrant frescoes depicting mythological scenes, landscapes, and intricate geometric patterns. Mosaic floors, some of which are remarkably well preserved, depict scenes of daily life, animals, and gods, providing a visual feast for the modern visitor.

The houses were built in the tradition of peristyle architecture (a rectangular open courtyard surrounded by columned corridors in ancient architecture) and have windows. There is a courtyard in the centre and seating areas around it. Some houses have two or three floors. The lower floors are reserved for living rooms, lounges, and kitchens for daily life, while the upper floors are reserved for bedrooms. Fountains are a common feature in all the houses. The houses have a heating system similar to a bathtub. While the centre of the system is used as a bath, it is also heated by piping to other parts of the house. In conjunction with this system, hot and cold water were supplied from the wells outside the dining room, kitchen, and latrine (toilet). Most of the houses had water wells with mouths closed by marble lids. Toilets, featuring perforated seat blocks connected to the main sewer, were built in designated areas.

Artistry and Decoration

As you wander through the glass walkways that protect these delicate ruins, you’ll notice the attention to detail in every room. Dining rooms (triclinia) were decorated with elaborate wall paintings, while bedrooms and reception areas showcased the family’s wealth and taste. The use of imported marble, fine ceramics, and luxury goods from across the Roman Empire speaks to the cosmopolitan nature of Ephesus’s upper class.

During excavations of the houses, numerous busts of emperors, empresses, and philosophers were found, along with a large number of decorative objects made of bronze, marble, terracotta, ivory, and glass, as well as jewelry, toys, medical and cosmetic instruments, utensils, perfume bottles, and lamps made of various materials.

Family and Social Life

The Terrace Houses were home to influential families- merchants, politicians, and priests, who played key roles in the city’s economic and social life. The layout of the homes reflects the importance of hospitality, with spacious reception rooms for entertaining guests and conducting business. Private baths and shrines indicate a lifestyle that balanced comfort, spirituality, and social status.

Preservation and Discovery

Excavations of the Terrace Houses began in the 1960s and continue to this day. The site is carefully protected by a modern roof and walkways, allowing visitors to explore without damaging the fragile remains. Ongoing conservation efforts ensure that the frescoes and mosaics can be enjoyed by future generations.

Visiting the Terrace Houses

A separate ticket is required to enter the Terrace Houses, but the experience is well worth it. The site is less crowded than the main avenues of Ephesus and offers a quieter, more contemplative atmosphere. Guided tours provide a valuable insight into the history, architecture, and daily life of the ancient inhabitants.

The Terrace Houses in Ephesus offer a unique glimpse into the daily life of ancient Romans, showcasing stunning frescoes, intricate mosaics, and impressive architecture. Visiting these well-preserved homes is a must for anyone exploring Ephesus, providing a deep connection to history and culture. Don’t miss the chance to walk through these ancient streets and experience the charm of Roman luxury firsthand.

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